Important Questions and Answers of Fedaralism Class 10
Q.1 What is the real reason for the successes of federalism in India?
Ans- 1. The constitutional provisions are laid out very clearly
2) The nature of democratic politics has ensure its success
3) There is respect for diversity
Q.2 What happened to the centre state relations when different parties ruled at the centre and state levels till 1990?
Ans- When different parties ruled at the centre and state levels the parties at the centre tried to un dermine the power of states. The central government misused the constitution often to dismiss the state govern ments that were controlled by other parties. This is agai nst the spirit of federalism
Q.3 What happened to the centre state relations whe n different parties ruled at the centre and state levels till 1990?
Ans- When different parties ruled at the centre and state levels the parties at the centre tried to un dermine the power of states. The central government misused the constitution often to dismiss the state govern ments that were controlled by other parties. This is agai nst the spirit of federalism
Q.4 Give the key features of federalism
Ans- 1. There is two or more level of govt
2. Each tier has its own jurisdiction
3. Any change in the fundamental provisio ns of the constitution requires consent of both levels of the govt
4. Sources of revenue for each level are specified
Q.5 What major steps taken in 1992 towards decentralization?
Ans- A three tier democracies were introduced in 1992. A step was taken towards creating rural loca l self govt. 1) Regular elections to be held for panchayat
2) Seats reserved for SC’s and ST s OBC s
3) One third seats reserved for women
4) State govt to share power and revenue wi th local bodies.
Q6. Examine the holding together nature of Indian Federalism.
Ans:A. States have been not been given identical powers wi th union government.
B. Few states have been given special status-like Jamm u and Kashmir and North eastern states in order to protect and preserve the ir custom, tradition, culture and linguistic diversity.
C. Apart from these some territories of the Indian uni on like Chandigarh, Lakshadweep or the capital city of Delhi are admini stered by union government hence known as Union Territories.
Q7.Write do wn the features of Coming together federations.
Ans.A. Coming Together Federation involves independent sta tes coming together on their own to form a bigger unit.
B. In coming together units try to increase their secu rity by pooling sovereignty and retaining identity.
C. In this category of federations, all the constituen t units usually have equal power and are strong vis-à-vis the federal government.
D. USA, Switzerland and Australia are Coming Together Federations.
Q8.Is it right to say that India is federal country bu t the word federalism is not used anywhere in the constitution? Explain. Ans.A. India had emerged as an independent nation after a painful and bloody partition. B. Soon after independence several princely states bec ome a part of the country. C. The constitution declared India as a Union of State s. D. Although it did not use the world federation, the I ndian Union is based on the principles of federalism. E. India is fulfilling all the requirements which are required for a federal country.
Q9.Why the exact balance of power between the central and State Governments does vary from one federation to other federations? Expl ain with example.
Ans.The balance of power between the central and the state government varies from one federation to another due to the nature of route ad opted by the country like: Coming Together Federations and Holding Together Federation.
A. Coming together Federation: In this type of federat ion independent units come together on their own to form a union or federation . Their main aim is to form a bigger unit, so that by pooling sovereignty and ret aining their identity they can increase their security. Federations of USA, Switze rland and Australia are examples.
B. Holding Together Federations: Under this type of fe deration, the federal government decides to divide its power between the constituent states and the national government. In this, type of government the central government tends to be more powerful vis-a-vis states. Holding together sometim es gives unequal power to constitute states. Some states are granted special powers. India, Spain and Belgium federations are the examples of Holding Together Federations.
Q10.Critically examine the concept of Decentralization in India.
Ans. The need of decentralization is very much recognized in Indian constitution and various attempts have been made to decentralize power to vi llage and towns. Panchayats in villages and municipalities in towns have been set up in all the states of the country. A. But in all practical the concept of decentralizati on is not very much applied in all the state.
B. The local bodies are directly under the control of state government.
C. The elections to these local bodies are not held regularly.
D. Local governments do not have any powers or resources of their own, like Agriculture and commerce.
Q11.“Local people know the local problems and its solutions better”. Explain
Ans.A. The local governments take up some of the responsib ilities of the Central and State governments. B. They share some of their burdens and allow them tim e to concentrate on matters of the state importance and national importance. C. Much of their time which was hitherto wasted on loc al problems, could now be devoted to much more important issues.
Q13.Discuss the duel objective of federalism? Ans.s federalism has two or more levels of govern ments it has duel objectives: A. To safeguard and promote unity of the country. B. And to accommodate regional diversity. C. The above two aspects are crucial for the instituti on and practice of federalism. The government at different levels should agree to some rules of power sharing. D. They should also trust that each would abide by its part of agreement.
Q14.If agriculture and commerce are state subjects why do we have ministers of agriculture and commerce in the Union Cabinet?
Ans.A. Although agriculture and commerce are the state sub jects we have ministers of agriculture and commerce at the union cabinet becau se the wider prospect of these subjects regarding inter-state trade.
B. A uniform policy has to be legislated for all the states.
C. The agriculture and economic experts are part of the planning commission. So we require agriculture and commerce ministers in the U nion for policy making.
Q15.What are the demerits of local self government?
Ans.A. Irregular elections.
B. Dominance of Upper Caste people.
C. Ignorance, illiteracy and poverty of the villagers.
D. Excessive official control.
E. Lack of Adequate funds.
Q16.What are the powers and responsibilities of village Panchayat?
Ans.A. Preparation plan for economic development and socia l justice for the village.
B. Implementation of schemes for economic development for the village.
C. It charges and collects all the taxes, duties, toll s and fees.
Q17.Describe the language policy of India?
Ans.A. The constitution of India does not give the status of national language to any of the language.
B. Though Hindi was identified as the official languag e but the central government has not imposed Hindi on states where people speak a di fferent language.
C. Besides Hindi there are twenty one other languages recognized as Scheduled languages by the constitution.
D. Most of the states have their own official language s which are used in the offices.
E. Since independence Indian Leaders have adopted a ve ry cautious attitude in spreading the use of Hindi. F. According to constitution the use of English for official purposes was to stop in 1965 which was not liked by some of the states. So the c entral government responded by agreeing to continue the use of English along with Hindi as official language.
Q18.Explain the role of Judiciary, Executive and Legislature
Ans. Judiciary:
A. Judiciary plays an important role in ensuring the i mplementation of various laws and procedure.
B. The supreme court of India has the exclusive author ity of settling disputes between the government of India and one or more states or b etween two states.
C. The high court stands at the head of state’s judici al administrations.
D. The Union Territories comes under the jurisdiction of different state high courts.
Legislature:
A. Legislature is our country’s law making body
. B. It is an assembly of people’s representation with t he power to enact laws for our country.
C. The members of the legislature are elected by the p eople.
D. In addition to enacting laws legislature have the a uthority to raise taxes, and adopt the budget and other money bills.
Executive:
A. At different organs of government we find functiona ries who take day-to-day decisions, but do not exercise the supreme power on behalf of the people. All those functionaries are collectively known as the executi ve.
B. Executive is law implementing body.
C. It is a body of persons having major policies, make decisions, and implementing them on the basis of the constitution and laws of t he country.
Q19. State any two differences between the local government before and after theConstitutional amendment in 1992.
Ans.
Q20.What policies strengthened the federalism of India?
Ans.A. Linguistic States: Since 1947 many changes have bee n done in the political map of India. Many old states have vanished and many new s tates have been created. Areas, boundaries and names of the states have been change d. In 1947, the boundaries of several old states of India were changed in order t o create new states. This was done to ensure that people who spoke the same language l ived in the same state. Some states were created to recognize differences based on culture, ethnicity or geography.
B. Centre-state relations in India: Earlier in India for a long time, the same party ruled both at centre and state. This meant the state gove rnment did not exercise their rights as autonomous federal units. As and when rul ing party at state level was different, the parties that ruled at the Central tr ied to undermine the powers. But after 1990 significant changes occurred. There was rise of regional political parties in many states of the country. This was also the begin ning of the era of coalition governments at the centre.
C. Language Policy: The constitution of India does not give the status of national language to any of the language. Though Hindi was i dentified as the official language but the central government has not imposed Hindi on states where people speak a different language. Besides Hindi there are twenty one other languages recognized as Scheduled languages by the constitution. Most of th e states have their own official languages which are used in the offices. Since inde pendence Indian Leaders have adopted a very cautious attitude in spreading the u se of Hindi. According to constitution the use of English for official purpos es was to stop in 1965 which was not liked by some of the states. So the central gov ernment responded by agreeing to continue the use of English along with Hindi as off icial language
Q21.Explain the organization of the local government bodies of urban areas.
Ans.A. Local Government bodies exist in urban areas also. In Towns there are municipalities and in big cities there are municipa l corporations.
B. Both municipalities and municipal corporations are controlled by elected bodies consisting of people’s representatives.
C. Municipality is headed by the chairman and Municipa l Corporation is headed by the Mayor.
Q22.What are the causes responsible for very slow progress of Panchayat Raj System in India?
Ans.A. Lack of awareness: Some people treat it just as an administrative agency, some as an intention of democracy at grass root level and some treat it as a charter of rural, local government. There for lack of awareness and concept ual clarity is one of the reason of slow success of Panchayat Raj.
B. Irregular election: Election should hold after a ga p of five years, but still irregularity is there to hold the elections.
C. Relationship of government officials and elected re presentatives: All work of the Panchayat Raj System is being done by the governmen t officials, but contradiction always comes in between government officials and el ected representatives and then it progresses very slowly.
D. Lack of money and other support: The Panchayat Raj institutions lack enough money, administrative support and help from the government officials. That’s why its success rate is very slow.
Q23.Highlight the two types of routs through which the federations are formed. Give example.
Ans.A. When independent states come together and form a fe deration is coming together route. Example: USA, Switzerland and Australia
. B. When a country decides to divide its power between the constituent state and the national government that is holding together route. Example: India, Spain and Belgium.
Q24.Contrast a federal system of government with a unit ary set - up with examples.
Ans.A. Federalism has at least two levels of government. B. The central government is responsible for subjects of national importance. C. The state government looks after the daily administ ration of the states. D. In Unitary system there is only one level of govern ment and if any subunits are there that remains subordinate to the central gover nment
Q25.Why is the central government of India not compelling states to adopt Hindi as their official language?
Ans.A. India is multilingual country. According to the cen sus of 1991 recorded more than 1500 distinct languages, people mentioned their mot her tongues.
B. Hindi is mother tongue of only 40% of the people of India.
C. There are 21 languages recognized by the constituti on.
D. In states of Southern India there has been violent opposition to Hindi.
Q26.What are significances of Panchayat Raj?
Ans.A. It is the third level of Indian Federal System.
B. This level gives a chance to the people to become t he representatives of people.
C. There are 36 lakhs elected representatives in the l ocal bodies.
D. There is reservation for women, SCs and STs.
E. They strengthen the democratic system of India.
Q27.How is the Federal government better than a Unitary Gove rnment? Explain with the example of Belgium and Sri Lanka.
Ans.A. If we study the main difference between the federal and the unitary governments, in the present times the federal governments certai nly score over the unitary governments, especially when people of different re ligions, castes and cultures resides in one and same country.
B. In chapter Power Sharing we have seen how a unitary form of government has proved a failure in Sri Lanka while a federal type of government has proved a great success in Belgium.
C. In Sri Lanka Unitary government fails to solve the dispute of different sections of the society but in Belgium the federal government g ives equal respect to the demands of different sections of the society.
D. In Belgium all types of people have been accommodat ed while in Majoritarianism has been thrust upon the people especially over the minority community in Sri Lanka.
Q28.Discuss why the special status has been given to a few states in India? Explain with the example of Jammu and Kashmir.
Ans.A. A few states in India have been given a special sta tus in the constitution dueyp diverse population and regions within the state itself.
B. Special status to Jammu and Kashmir is due to the h istory of conflict over the state with Pakistan.
C. The state was given to the Indian Union under very special terms, which provided the state with a unique position in the Indian Unio n. D. This state has its own constitution.
Q29.What was the Amendment in regard to decentralization?
Ans.A. In 1992, 73 rd Amendment Act gave constituent status to the Panch ayati raj institution.
B. It created the third tier of federalism in India be low the central government level and the state government level.
C. The Objective of this Amendment was to make democra cy more powerful and effective by giving power to the grassroots units o f self government.
Q30.How far is it correct to say that federalism works only in big country?
Ans.A. Federalism means sharing power among the central an d non-central authorities. B. It works in big countries where the area of country is very large and it makes it difficult to be effective managed through only one level of government. C. In Such cases different levels of the government ar e formed to have broad based participation of the people.
Q31.Explain how power is shared among different organs of the government.
Ans.A. Union List: Subjects of national importance like de fense, foreign affairs, atomic energy, banking, post and telegraph are included in the Union List. Only the central government can pass laws on the subjects mentioned in the union list because we need a uniform policy on important or national issu es throughout the country. The union list has 97 subjects.
B. State List: It comprises those important subjects o n which the state government can pass laws. Subjects like police, local government, trade and commerce, agriculture are within the state included in the State list. Th e state list has 66 subjects
C. Concurrent List: The concurrent list comprises the subjects which are of common concern both to the centre and state government. Bo th the centre and state governments can frame laws on these subjects. Howev er if there is a conflict between the central law and state law, over a subject in th e Concurrent list, the central law would be effective. The concurrent list has 47 subj ects.
D. Residuary Powers: Matters which are not included in the division of powers are known as residuary powers. It was felt that there c an be subjects which are not mentioned in either of these lists. The central gov ernment has been given the power to legislate on the residuary subjects.
Q32.Explain the features of third tier of the rural government.
Ans.A. Rural local government is popularly known by the n ame Panchayat Raj. Each Village or group of villages in some state has a Gram Panch ayat.
B. This is a council consisting of members called Panc hs and a president called Sarpanch. They are directly elected by the adult po pulation living in the ward or village.
C. The Panchyats works under the supervision of the Gr am Sabha. All the voters of the village are the members of Gram Sabha.
D. The local government structure goes right up to the district level. A few Gram panchayat are grouped together to form Block Samiti . The members of all the Block Smities are elected by the panchayat members of the area.
E. All the Panchayat Samitis or Mandals in a district together constitute the Zila Parishad. .
Political Science Class X Chapter 2 Fedaralism Important Questions and Answers
Q.1 What is the real reason for the successes of federalism in India?
Ans- 1. The constitutional provisions are laid out very clearly
2) The nature of democratic politics has ensure its success
3) There is respect for diversity
Q.2 What happened to the centre state relations when different parties ruled at the centre and state levels till 1990?
Ans- When different parties ruled at the centre and state levels the parties at the centre tried to un dermine the power of states. The central government misused the constitution often to dismiss the state govern ments that were controlled by other parties. This is agai nst the spirit of federalism
Q.3 What happened to the centre state relations whe n different parties ruled at the centre and state levels till 1990?
Ans- When different parties ruled at the centre and state levels the parties at the centre tried to un dermine the power of states. The central government misused the constitution often to dismiss the state govern ments that were controlled by other parties. This is agai nst the spirit of federalism
Q.4 Give the key features of federalism
Ans- 1. There is two or more level of govt
2. Each tier has its own jurisdiction
3. Any change in the fundamental provisio ns of the constitution requires consent of both levels of the govt
4. Sources of revenue for each level are specified
Q.5 What major steps taken in 1992 towards decentralization?
Ans- A three tier democracies were introduced in 1992. A step was taken towards creating rural loca l self govt. 1) Regular elections to be held for panchayat
2) Seats reserved for SC’s and ST s OBC s
3) One third seats reserved for women
4) State govt to share power and revenue wi th local bodies.
Q6. Examine the holding together nature of Indian Federalism.
Ans:A. States have been not been given identical powers wi th union government.
B. Few states have been given special status-like Jamm u and Kashmir and North eastern states in order to protect and preserve the ir custom, tradition, culture and linguistic diversity.
C. Apart from these some territories of the Indian uni on like Chandigarh, Lakshadweep or the capital city of Delhi are admini stered by union government hence known as Union Territories.
Q7.Write do wn the features of Coming together federations.
Ans.A. Coming Together Federation involves independent sta tes coming together on their own to form a bigger unit.
B. In coming together units try to increase their secu rity by pooling sovereignty and retaining identity.
C. In this category of federations, all the constituen t units usually have equal power and are strong vis-à-vis the federal government.
D. USA, Switzerland and Australia are Coming Together Federations.
Q8.Is it right to say that India is federal country bu t the word federalism is not used anywhere in the constitution? Explain. Ans.A. India had emerged as an independent nation after a painful and bloody partition. B. Soon after independence several princely states bec ome a part of the country. C. The constitution declared India as a Union of State s. D. Although it did not use the world federation, the I ndian Union is based on the principles of federalism. E. India is fulfilling all the requirements which are required for a federal country.
Q9.Why the exact balance of power between the central and State Governments does vary from one federation to other federations? Expl ain with example.
Ans.The balance of power between the central and the state government varies from one federation to another due to the nature of route ad opted by the country like: Coming Together Federations and Holding Together Federation.
A. Coming together Federation: In this type of federat ion independent units come together on their own to form a union or federation . Their main aim is to form a bigger unit, so that by pooling sovereignty and ret aining their identity they can increase their security. Federations of USA, Switze rland and Australia are examples.
B. Holding Together Federations: Under this type of fe deration, the federal government decides to divide its power between the constituent states and the national government. In this, type of government the central government tends to be more powerful vis-a-vis states. Holding together sometim es gives unequal power to constitute states. Some states are granted special powers. India, Spain and Belgium federations are the examples of Holding Together Federations.
Q10.Critically examine the concept of Decentralization in India.
Ans. The need of decentralization is very much recognized in Indian constitution and various attempts have been made to decentralize power to vi llage and towns. Panchayats in villages and municipalities in towns have been set up in all the states of the country. A. But in all practical the concept of decentralizati on is not very much applied in all the state.
B. The local bodies are directly under the control of state government.
C. The elections to these local bodies are not held regularly.
D. Local governments do not have any powers or resources of their own, like Agriculture and commerce.
Q11.“Local people know the local problems and its solutions better”. Explain
Ans.A. The local governments take up some of the responsib ilities of the Central and State governments. B. They share some of their burdens and allow them tim e to concentrate on matters of the state importance and national importance. C. Much of their time which was hitherto wasted on loc al problems, could now be devoted to much more important issues.
Q13.Discuss the duel objective of federalism? Ans.s federalism has two or more levels of govern ments it has duel objectives: A. To safeguard and promote unity of the country. B. And to accommodate regional diversity. C. The above two aspects are crucial for the instituti on and practice of federalism. The government at different levels should agree to some rules of power sharing. D. They should also trust that each would abide by its part of agreement.
Q14.If agriculture and commerce are state subjects why do we have ministers of agriculture and commerce in the Union Cabinet?
Ans.A. Although agriculture and commerce are the state sub jects we have ministers of agriculture and commerce at the union cabinet becau se the wider prospect of these subjects regarding inter-state trade.
B. A uniform policy has to be legislated for all the states.
C. The agriculture and economic experts are part of the planning commission. So we require agriculture and commerce ministers in the U nion for policy making.
Q15.What are the demerits of local self government?
Ans.A. Irregular elections.
B. Dominance of Upper Caste people.
C. Ignorance, illiteracy and poverty of the villagers.
D. Excessive official control.
E. Lack of Adequate funds.
Q16.What are the powers and responsibilities of village Panchayat?
Ans.A. Preparation plan for economic development and socia l justice for the village.
B. Implementation of schemes for economic development for the village.
C. It charges and collects all the taxes, duties, toll s and fees.
Q17.Describe the language policy of India?
Ans.A. The constitution of India does not give the status of national language to any of the language.
B. Though Hindi was identified as the official languag e but the central government has not imposed Hindi on states where people speak a di fferent language.
C. Besides Hindi there are twenty one other languages recognized as Scheduled languages by the constitution.
D. Most of the states have their own official language s which are used in the offices.
E. Since independence Indian Leaders have adopted a ve ry cautious attitude in spreading the use of Hindi. F. According to constitution the use of English for official purposes was to stop in 1965 which was not liked by some of the states. So the c entral government responded by agreeing to continue the use of English along with Hindi as official language.
Q18.Explain the role of Judiciary, Executive and Legislature
Ans. Judiciary:
A. Judiciary plays an important role in ensuring the i mplementation of various laws and procedure.
B. The supreme court of India has the exclusive author ity of settling disputes between the government of India and one or more states or b etween two states.
C. The high court stands at the head of state’s judici al administrations.
D. The Union Territories comes under the jurisdiction of different state high courts.
Legislature:
A. Legislature is our country’s law making body
. B. It is an assembly of people’s representation with t he power to enact laws for our country.
C. The members of the legislature are elected by the p eople.
D. In addition to enacting laws legislature have the a uthority to raise taxes, and adopt the budget and other money bills.
Executive:
A. At different organs of government we find functiona ries who take day-to-day decisions, but do not exercise the supreme power on behalf of the people. All those functionaries are collectively known as the executi ve.
B. Executive is law implementing body.
C. It is a body of persons having major policies, make decisions, and implementing them on the basis of the constitution and laws of t he country.
Q19. State any two differences between the local government before and after theConstitutional amendment in 1992.
Ans.
Q20.What policies strengthened the federalism of India?
Ans.A. Linguistic States: Since 1947 many changes have bee n done in the political map of India. Many old states have vanished and many new s tates have been created. Areas, boundaries and names of the states have been change d. In 1947, the boundaries of several old states of India were changed in order t o create new states. This was done to ensure that people who spoke the same language l ived in the same state. Some states were created to recognize differences based on culture, ethnicity or geography.
B. Centre-state relations in India: Earlier in India for a long time, the same party ruled both at centre and state. This meant the state gove rnment did not exercise their rights as autonomous federal units. As and when rul ing party at state level was different, the parties that ruled at the Central tr ied to undermine the powers. But after 1990 significant changes occurred. There was rise of regional political parties in many states of the country. This was also the begin ning of the era of coalition governments at the centre.
C. Language Policy: The constitution of India does not give the status of national language to any of the language. Though Hindi was i dentified as the official language but the central government has not imposed Hindi on states where people speak a different language. Besides Hindi there are twenty one other languages recognized as Scheduled languages by the constitution. Most of th e states have their own official languages which are used in the offices. Since inde pendence Indian Leaders have adopted a very cautious attitude in spreading the u se of Hindi. According to constitution the use of English for official purpos es was to stop in 1965 which was not liked by some of the states. So the central gov ernment responded by agreeing to continue the use of English along with Hindi as off icial language
Q21.Explain the organization of the local government bodies of urban areas.
Ans.A. Local Government bodies exist in urban areas also. In Towns there are municipalities and in big cities there are municipa l corporations.
B. Both municipalities and municipal corporations are controlled by elected bodies consisting of people’s representatives.
C. Municipality is headed by the chairman and Municipa l Corporation is headed by the Mayor.
Q22.What are the causes responsible for very slow progress of Panchayat Raj System in India?
Ans.A. Lack of awareness: Some people treat it just as an administrative agency, some as an intention of democracy at grass root level and some treat it as a charter of rural, local government. There for lack of awareness and concept ual clarity is one of the reason of slow success of Panchayat Raj.
B. Irregular election: Election should hold after a ga p of five years, but still irregularity is there to hold the elections.
C. Relationship of government officials and elected re presentatives: All work of the Panchayat Raj System is being done by the governmen t officials, but contradiction always comes in between government officials and el ected representatives and then it progresses very slowly.
D. Lack of money and other support: The Panchayat Raj institutions lack enough money, administrative support and help from the government officials. That’s why its success rate is very slow.
Q23.Highlight the two types of routs through which the federations are formed. Give example.
Ans.A. When independent states come together and form a fe deration is coming together route. Example: USA, Switzerland and Australia
. B. When a country decides to divide its power between the constituent state and the national government that is holding together route. Example: India, Spain and Belgium.
Q24.Contrast a federal system of government with a unit ary set - up with examples.
Ans.A. Federalism has at least two levels of government. B. The central government is responsible for subjects of national importance. C. The state government looks after the daily administ ration of the states. D. In Unitary system there is only one level of govern ment and if any subunits are there that remains subordinate to the central gover nment
Q25.Why is the central government of India not compelling states to adopt Hindi as their official language?
Ans.A. India is multilingual country. According to the cen sus of 1991 recorded more than 1500 distinct languages, people mentioned their mot her tongues.
B. Hindi is mother tongue of only 40% of the people of India.
C. There are 21 languages recognized by the constituti on.
D. In states of Southern India there has been violent opposition to Hindi.
Q26.What are significances of Panchayat Raj?
Ans.A. It is the third level of Indian Federal System.
B. This level gives a chance to the people to become t he representatives of people.
C. There are 36 lakhs elected representatives in the l ocal bodies.
D. There is reservation for women, SCs and STs.
E. They strengthen the democratic system of India.
Q27.How is the Federal government better than a Unitary Gove rnment? Explain with the example of Belgium and Sri Lanka.
Ans.A. If we study the main difference between the federal and the unitary governments, in the present times the federal governments certai nly score over the unitary governments, especially when people of different re ligions, castes and cultures resides in one and same country.
B. In chapter Power Sharing we have seen how a unitary form of government has proved a failure in Sri Lanka while a federal type of government has proved a great success in Belgium.
C. In Sri Lanka Unitary government fails to solve the dispute of different sections of the society but in Belgium the federal government g ives equal respect to the demands of different sections of the society.
D. In Belgium all types of people have been accommodat ed while in Majoritarianism has been thrust upon the people especially over the minority community in Sri Lanka.
Q28.Discuss why the special status has been given to a few states in India? Explain with the example of Jammu and Kashmir.
Ans.A. A few states in India have been given a special sta tus in the constitution dueyp diverse population and regions within the state itself.
B. Special status to Jammu and Kashmir is due to the h istory of conflict over the state with Pakistan.
C. The state was given to the Indian Union under very special terms, which provided the state with a unique position in the Indian Unio n. D. This state has its own constitution.
Q29.What was the Amendment in regard to decentralization?
Ans.A. In 1992, 73 rd Amendment Act gave constituent status to the Panch ayati raj institution.
B. It created the third tier of federalism in India be low the central government level and the state government level.
C. The Objective of this Amendment was to make democra cy more powerful and effective by giving power to the grassroots units o f self government.
Q30.How far is it correct to say that federalism works only in big country?
Ans.A. Federalism means sharing power among the central an d non-central authorities. B. It works in big countries where the area of country is very large and it makes it difficult to be effective managed through only one level of government. C. In Such cases different levels of the government ar e formed to have broad based participation of the people.
Q31.Explain how power is shared among different organs of the government.
Ans.A. Union List: Subjects of national importance like de fense, foreign affairs, atomic energy, banking, post and telegraph are included in the Union List. Only the central government can pass laws on the subjects mentioned in the union list because we need a uniform policy on important or national issu es throughout the country. The union list has 97 subjects.
B. State List: It comprises those important subjects o n which the state government can pass laws. Subjects like police, local government, trade and commerce, agriculture are within the state included in the State list. Th e state list has 66 subjects
C. Concurrent List: The concurrent list comprises the subjects which are of common concern both to the centre and state government. Bo th the centre and state governments can frame laws on these subjects. Howev er if there is a conflict between the central law and state law, over a subject in th e Concurrent list, the central law would be effective. The concurrent list has 47 subj ects.
D. Residuary Powers: Matters which are not included in the division of powers are known as residuary powers. It was felt that there c an be subjects which are not mentioned in either of these lists. The central gov ernment has been given the power to legislate on the residuary subjects.
Q32.Explain the features of third tier of the rural government.
Ans.A. Rural local government is popularly known by the n ame Panchayat Raj. Each Village or group of villages in some state has a Gram Panch ayat.
B. This is a council consisting of members called Panc hs and a president called Sarpanch. They are directly elected by the adult po pulation living in the ward or village.
C. The Panchyats works under the supervision of the Gr am Sabha. All the voters of the village are the members of Gram Sabha.
D. The local government structure goes right up to the district level. A few Gram panchayat are grouped together to form Block Samiti . The members of all the Block Smities are elected by the panchayat members of the area.
E. All the Panchayat Samitis or Mandals in a district together constitute the Zila Parishad. .
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