Work,Life and Leisure Important Question and Answers
Section A
1. Which acts kept the children of the city of London out of the industrial work? [1]
Ans.Compulsory Elementary Education Act and the factories Act.
2. Name the novelist who wrote about the destruction caused by the construction of London underground railway.[1]
Ans.2. Charles Dickens
3. Who developed the principle of garden City? [1]
Ans.3. Ebenezer Howard
4. When was the first cotton textile mill established in Bombay? [1]
Ans.4. 1854
5. Which was the first movie made by Dada Sahib Phalke? [1]
Ans. Raja Harish Chandra
6. What is Metropolis? [1]
Ans.. A large densely populated city of a country or a state often the capital of the region.
7. Who are Philanthropists? [1]
Ans. Someone who works for community services without any personal gain.
8. What is Schizophrenia?
Ans. A mental disease marked by disconnection between thoughts, feelings and actions.
9. Who wrote ‘Dombey and Son’? [1]
Ans.Charles Dickens
10. What does Mayapuri mean to Bombay? [1]
Ans. A city of dreams
11. When and where was the London underground railway started? [1]
Ans. 10 January 1963 between Paddington and Farrington Street
12. What are Chawls?
Ans.. Chawls were multi-storeyed buildings which had been built from at least in the 1860s
in the native parts of the town.
13. When was primary education law made in London? [1]
Ans.1870
14. When did Bombay become a capital of Bombay Presidency? [1]
Ans. Bombay become a capital of Bombay Presidency in 1819
15. Name the novel written by Duragacharan Ray about the city of Calcutta. [1]
Ans.. Debganer Martye Agaman
16. Name the two industrial cities of Britain.
Ans. Manchester and Leeds
17.What was the population of London in 1750s? [1]
Ans.675000
18. What was the expected life of poor workers in London in 1877 according to
Charles Booth’s Survey?[1]
Ans. 29 Years
19. According to the census of 1901, how much percent people of Bombay lived in one
room tenements?
Ans.. 80%
20.Name two films which deals with the problem of the migrants.
Ans. C.I.D. and Guest House
Section B
1. Describe the features of the big modern city of Calcutta as viewed by the gods in
the gods in the novel written by Durgacharan Roy?[3]
Ans.A. Durgacharan Roy wrote a novel, Debganer Martye Aagaman, in which Brahama,
Varun and some other gods visit Calcutta.
B. They were wonder struck by the big modern city, the train, the large ships on the
river Ganges, factories belching smoke, bridge and monuments and a dazzling array
of shops selling a wide range of commodities.
C. Gods were disturbed by another aspect of city life-its cheats and thieves, its
grinding poverty and the poor quality of housing for many.
2. What did historian Gareth Stedman Jones say about the city of London? [3]
Ans.A. London was a city of clerks and shopkeepers.
B. It was a city of small masters and skilled artisans.
C. It was a city of growing number of semi skilled and sweated out workers, of
soldiers and servants, of casual workers, street sellers and beggars.
3. Why was the development of the underground railway in London criticized? [3]
Ans.A. The compartments were filled with passengers who were smoking pipes.
B. The atmosphere was a mixture of sulphur, coal dust and foul fumes from the gas
lamp above.
C. There was a problem of suffocation due lack of oxygen supply. It was considered to
be a menace to health.
D. Many felt that the iron monster added to the mess and unhealthiness of the city.
4. Describe three main features of Charles Booth’s first social survey of low skilled
London workers.[3]
Ans.A. Charles Booth conducted the first social survey of low skilled London workers in
the east end of London. He found that about one million Londoners about one fifth
of the population of London at the time, were very poor.
B. These poor people were expected to live only up to an average age of 29 in
comparison to the average life expectancy of 55 among the gentry and the middle
class.
C. The people were more than likely to die in a workhouse, hospital or lunatic asylum.
5. “The London underground railway became a huge success.” Explain. [3]
Ans.A. The London underground railway partially solved the housing crises by carrying
large masses of people to and from the city.
B. By the 20th century, most large metropolises such as New York, Tokyo and Chicago
could not do without their well-functioning transit system. While the London
underground railway became huge success.
C. By 1880s, it was carrying 40 million passengers a year.
6. Explain any three steps taken to clean up London. [3]
Ans.A. Large blocks of apartments were built. It has been proved that housing schemes
brings a magical change in the urban area where land is very important. In this case
no one is permitted to build the personal apartment.
B. Rent control was introduced to check housing shortage.
C. Green belt was created around London. Demands were made for new Lungs for the
city, and some attempts were made to bridge the difference between city and
countryside through such ideas as the green belt around London.
6. What is meant by the term individualism? Explain. [3]
Ans.. A. Individualism is a theory which promotes the liberty, rights or independent action
of the individual, rather than of the community.
B. This is a freedom from the collective values that were a feature of the small rural
communities.
C. Ties between members of household loosened, and among the working class the
institution of marriage tended to break down.
7. Explain what is meant by the Haussmanisation of Paris. [3]
Ans. A. Haussmanisation of Paris refers to the forcible reconstruction of Paris to enhance
their beauty and impose orders.
B. Baron Haussmanisation was the chief architect of the new Paris of Louis Napoleon-
III.
C. The poor were evicted from the centre of Paris to reduce the possibility of political
rebellion and to beautify city.
8. Explain the problems faced by people who migrated to Bombay during nineteenth
century.[3]
Ans..A. Bombay become over crowded city because of rapid unplanned expansion.
B. There was an acute crisis of housing.
C. Due to overpopulation shortage of water also arose. People often quarreled every
morning for a turn at the tap.
9. Explain the term reclamation. [3]
Ans.A. Reclamation refers to the reclaiming of marshy or submerged areas or other
wasteland for settlement, cultivation and other use.
B. Because of the scarcity of land, the city of Bombay has developed is through
massive reclamation projects.
C. A successful reclamation project was undertaken by the Bombay Port Trust, which
built a dry dock.
D. Famous Marine Drive of Bombay was developed through reclamation process.
10. Highlight the different ways by which the people entertain themselves in the
chawls.[3]
Ans.A. There was an open space in the middle of for chawls. That place was used by
magicians and acrobats to perform their acts. They visit that place regularly.
B. The Nandi bull used to come. There was the Kadaklakshmi. The performers beat
themselves on their naked bodies to earn their livelihood.
C. Chawls were also a place for exchange of news about jobs, strikes, riots or
demonstrations.
11. How did the rise of industrial capitalism help in shaping the modern cities in
decisive way?
Ans.A. Industrialization changed the form of urbanization in the modern period.
B. Most of the western countries were largely rural even for many decades after the
beginning of the industrial revolution.
C. Due to industrialization cities become centers of political power, administrative
network, trade and industry, religious and education institutions, and supported
various social groups such as artisans, merchants and priests.
12. How did the establishment of colonial rule help in shaping the Bombay city in
decisive way?[3]
Ans.A. In the seventeenth century, Bombay was a group of seven islands under
Portuguese.
B. In 1661, control of the islands passes into British hands after the marriage of
Britain’s king Charles-II to the Portuguese princess. The East India Company
quickly shifted its base from Surat to Bombay.
C. Bombay became the capital of the Bombay presidency in 1819, after the Maratha
defeated in the Anglo-Maratha War.
13. How did the development or expansion of Bombay differ from London? [3]
Ans.A. London had an average density of 8 persons per house, whereas the density in the
Bombay was as high as 20.
B. Bombay was not grown in a planned way where as London grow according to plan.
C. Bombay was over-crowded city where a person had only 9.5 sq yards of space
whereas in London it was around 155 sq yards per person.
14. Bombay is a city of dreams. Explain. [3]
Ans.A. There was huge expansion of industries and infrastructure in Bombay.
B. The industries had numerous job opportunities and attracted many people from
outside.
C. People from all over India came here to fulfill their dreams.
D. Bombay also became a hub of Indian films.
15. Bombay is a city of hardships. Explain. [3]
Ans.A. Bombay city due to over population lacked in housing facilities.
B. Maximum people lived in chawls with minimum basic amenities.
C. It was a costly city, which made the life of daily wage earners very miserable.
D. People had to travel long distances to reach their job locations.
E. Industrial labourers were exploited by the industrialists.
16. Explain any three causes of air pollution in Calcutta. [3]
Ans.A. A high level of pollution was a consequence of the huge population that depended
on dung and wood as fuel in their daily life.
B. The main causes of pollution in Calcutta were the industries and establishment that
used steam engines run on coal.
C. The city was built on marshy land the resulting fog combined with smoke to
generate thick black smog.
17. Write any three historical processes which have shaped modern cities in decisive
ways.
Ans.A. The rise of industrial revolution.
B. The establishment of colonial rule over maximum areas of the globe.
C. The developments of the ideas of democracy were also responsible to give a shape
to the modern cities.
18 Highlight the conditions of children during the 18th and 19th century. [3]
Ans.A. Children were pushed into low-paid works by their parents.
B. Some children were forced by their parents to do some kind of crime to earn morelike
stealing.
C. It was only after the Compulsory Elementary education Act, in 1870 and Factory
Acts, in 1902 that children were kept out of industrial work.
19. What was the role of Jobber in Chawls? [3]
Ans.A. They provide jobs to the people.
B. Sometimes they settle disputes of the people.
C. They also organize supplies, or arranged informal credit for the people in chawls.
D. Jobbers also share information among the people.
20. Highlight the different types of crimes done by different people in London? [3]
Ans.A. In London there were about 20,000 criminals in the 1870s.
B. Many criminals were poor, who lived by stealing lead from roofs, food from shops,
lumps of coal and clothes drying on the hedger.
C. There were cheats and tricksters, pickpockets and petty thieves, crowding the
streets of London.
21. Explain the different steps taken by authorities to control crimes in London. [3]
Ans.A. The police were worried of criminals and also about the law and order situation.
B. The population of criminals was counted their activities were watched and their
life was investigated.
C. In an attempt to discipline the population, the authorities imposed high penalties
for crime.
D. They also offered work to those, who were considered the deserving poor.
22. Write some features that disturbed Gods during their visit to a modern city like
Calcutta.[3]
Ans.A. Gods were disturbed by the city’s cheat and thieves, its grinding poverty and the
poor quality of housing for many who lived in Juggies.
B. The Gods were perturbed at the confusion of caste, religion and gender identities.
C. Brahma Himself was tricked into buying a pair of cheap glasses and when he tried
to buy a pair of shoes, he was greatly confused by the shopkeepers, who accused
one another of being swindlers.
23. How did the various architects develop the concept of garden City of London?
Ans.A. Ebenezer Howard was an Architect and a planner.
B. He developed the principle of the garden city, a pleasant space full of plants and
trees, where people would both live and work.
C. Getting idea from Howard’s Raymond Unwin and Berry parker also designed the
garden city of New Earswick.
24. How was Marine Drive developed? [3]
Ans.A. A successful reclamation project was undertaken by the Bombay Port Trust.
B. It built a dick between 1914 and 1918.
C. It used the excavated earth to create the 22 acre balled Estate.
D. In this way the famous marine Drive of Bombay was developed.
25. How Bombay was depicted in the earliest filmy songs? Give two examples. [3]
Ans.A. Various songs related to the miseries and lives of the people of Bombay were sung
by the singers.
B. In the film CID (1956) hero’s buddy sings, “Ai dil hai mushkil jeena Yaha; Jara hatke
jara bachke, yeh hai Bombay meri jaan.
C. In film Guest House (1959) it was “Ziska juta usika sir, dil hai chhota bada shahar,
are vah teri Bombai”.
26. How did Britishers get control of Bombay? And how did British make use of it? [3]
Ans.A. In 1661 control of seven islands of Bombay were passed into British hands after
the marriage of Britain’s King Charles II to the Portuguese princes.
B. Bombay was a major outlet for cotton textiles from Gujarat. Later the city
functioned as a port through which large quantities of raw materials such as cotton
and opium would be exported.
C. Bombay became an important administrative center and tries by the end of the
nineteenth century a major industrial centre.
27. What do you understand by Individualism, Chartism and 10 hour movement? [3]
Ans.A. Individualism: It is a theory which promotes the liberty, rights or independent
action of the individual, rather than of the community.
B. Chartism: Chartism was a movement demanding the vote for all adult males.
C. 10-hour movement: This movement is related to limit the hours of work in
factories.
28. Name the industries which give employment to large number of workers in
London[3]
Ans.A. Metals and engineering.
B. Clothing and industries.
C. Wood and furniture.
D. Printing and stationary.
E. Surgical instruments.
29. Highlight the different ways by which the people entertain themselves in the
chawls.
Ans.A. There was an open space in the middle of for chawls. That place was used by
magicians and acrobats to perform their acts. They visit that place regularly.
B. The Nandi bull used to come. There was the Kadaklakshmi. The performers beat
themselves on their naked bodies to earn their livelihood.
C. Chawls were also a place for exchange of news about jobs, strikes, riots or
demonstrations.
Section C
1. Give some chief characteristics of the city and their Distinction from towns and
Villages.[5]
Ans.A. Cities like London and Bombay were larger on scale as compared to towns and
villages.
B. Cities could develop only when there was an increase in food supplies that could
support a wide range of non-food producers. Villages and towns required only food
supplies in small quantities.
C. Cities were often the centre of multifarious activates like trade and industry,
religious institutions, intellectual pursuits and administrative set-up while villages
and towns had restricted activities.
D. In cities a large number of social groups as merchants, traders, bankers, wholesale
traders and brokers, skilled artisans and various professionals lived while in the
villages and towns were predominated by farmers and petty artisans and
shopkeepers.
2. Give reasons why the population of London expanded from the middle of the
eighteenth century.
Ans.A. The population of London was about 6, 75,000 by 1750s. It multiplied fourfold
from one million in 1810 to four million in 1880s.
B. London had become a centre of almost all sections of society.
C. People from countryside came to London for better job and future.
D. Wooden, metal, printing, stationary like industries in London employed a large
number of people.
E. London dockyard also attracted a large number of employees.
F. During the First World War, many more things were begun to be manufactured in
London including motor cars, electrical goods, and large factories manufacturing
war materials.
3. Why well off Londoners supported the need of building houses for the poor in the
19th century?[5]
Ans. A. Living in slums was very dangerous for the labourers. They lived up to and average
age of 29 years as compared to the average life expectancy of 55 among the higher
the higher and the middle classes.
B. Such slums were not only harmful for the slum dwellers but they were also threat
to the public health and could easily lead to any epidemic.
C. Poor housing could prove a great fire-hazard and could engulf other areas in the
fire disaster.
D. Especially after the Russian revolution of 1917, it was felt that poor housing could
lead to any social disaster and could lead to rebellions by the poor slum dwellers.
4. What form of entertainment came up in nineteenth century England to provide
leisure activities for the people?
Ans.A. For the wealthy Londoners, there as the annual London Season where the elite
groups could enjoy several culture events such as the opera, classical musical
performances and the theatre etc.
B. Working classes too had their own means of entertainment. They used to meet in
pubs and enjoy a drink, exchange news and discuss political events.
C. In the 19th century, the established of libraries, museums and art galleries provided
entertainment to the common people.
D. To some other, music halls and later on cinema houses became a source of mass
entrainment.
E. To some others, especially the industrial workers, spending holidays by the seashore
and enjoying both the sun and the bracing winds also proved a great source
of entrainment and leisure.
5. Ties between members of households loosened in Britain in the era of
industrialization. Explain the statement.[5]
Ans.A. Ties between members of household loosened , and among the working class the
institution of marriage tended to break down
B. The function and the shape of the family were completely transformed by life in the
industrial city.
C. Among the working class, the institution of marriage tended to break down.
D. Women of the upper and middle classes in Britain faced increasingly higher levels
of isolation, although their lives were made easier by domestic maids who cooked,
cleaned and cared for young children on low wages.
E. The family became the heart of a new market, of goods and services, and of ideas.
6. State the characteristics of the ancient cities.
Ans.A. The cities first appeared along river valleys.
B. Towns and cities that first appeared along river valleys, such as Ur, Nippur and
Mohenjo-Daro, were large in scale than other human settlements.
C. Asian cities could develop only when an increase in food supplies made it possible
to support a wide range of non food products.
D. Cities were often the centers of political power, administrative network, trade and
industry, religious institution and intellectual activity.
E. These cities supported various social groups such artisans, merchants and priests.
7. Why did well-off Londoners support the need to built housing for the poor in the
19th century? Explain the reasons.[5]
Ans.A. The vast mass of room houses occupied by the poor was serious threat to public
health.
B. They were overcrowded, badly ventilated and lacked sanitation to the general
public.
C. In slums, there was always fear of fire hazards created by poor housing.
D. There was widespread fear of social disorder after the Russian Revolution in 1917.
E. Workers’ mass housing schemes were planned to prevent the London poor from
turning rebellion.
8. How did the condition of women workers change from 19th to 20th centuries in
London?
Ans.A. With technological development, women lost their industrial jobs and had to take
up work within household jobs.
B. The 1861 census recorded a quarter of a million domestic servants in London, of
whom the vast majority was women; many of them were recent migrants.
C. A large number of women use their homes to increase family income by taking in
lodgers or through such activities.
D. Women of London during 20th century took up tailoring, washing, matchbox
making, etc. However, there was a change once again in the 20th century.
E. As women got employment in war time industries and offices, they withdrew from
domestic service.
9. Why the population of London multiplied in the late 19th and 20th centuries? [5]
Ans.A. The population of London multiplied four fold in the 70 years between 1810 and
1880 increasing from one million to four million.
B. London was a powerful magnet for migrant population, even though it did not have
large factories.
C. 19th century London was a city of clerks and shopkeepers, of small traders and
skilled artisans, semi-skilled and sweated out workers, of soldiers and servants, of
casual workers, street sellers and beggars.
D. Apart from London dockyard five major types of industries employed large
numbers; clothing and footwear, wood and furniture, metals an engineering,
printing and stationary and precious product.
E. During First World War the numbers of large factories increased and a large
number of people joined the new created jobs.
10. Describe the steps taken to solve the problem of housing in Bombay.
Ans.A. Chawls were multi-storeyed structure which had been built in the native parts of
the town. These houses were largely owned by private landlords, such as
merchants, bankers and buildings.
B. The city of Bombay Improvement Trust was established in 1898. It focused on
clearing poorer homes out of the city centre.
C. In 1918, a Rent act was passed to keep rents reasonable. But it had the opposite
effect of producing a severe housing crisis, since landlords withdrew houses from
the market.
D. The city of Bombay developed massive reclamation projects. Reclamation refers to
the reclaiming of marshy or submerged area or other wasteland for settlements.
E. The seven island of Bombay were joined into one land mass only over a period of
time. The earliest project began in 1784.
Section A
1. Which acts kept the children of the city of London out of the industrial work? [1]
Ans.Compulsory Elementary Education Act and the factories Act.
2. Name the novelist who wrote about the destruction caused by the construction of London underground railway.[1]
Ans.2. Charles Dickens
3. Who developed the principle of garden City? [1]
Ans.3. Ebenezer Howard
4. When was the first cotton textile mill established in Bombay? [1]
Ans.4. 1854
5. Which was the first movie made by Dada Sahib Phalke? [1]
Ans. Raja Harish Chandra
6. What is Metropolis? [1]
Ans.. A large densely populated city of a country or a state often the capital of the region.
7. Who are Philanthropists? [1]
Ans. Someone who works for community services without any personal gain.
8. What is Schizophrenia?
Ans. A mental disease marked by disconnection between thoughts, feelings and actions.
9. Who wrote ‘Dombey and Son’? [1]
Ans.Charles Dickens
10. What does Mayapuri mean to Bombay? [1]
Ans. A city of dreams
11. When and where was the London underground railway started? [1]
Ans. 10 January 1963 between Paddington and Farrington Street
12. What are Chawls?
Ans.. Chawls were multi-storeyed buildings which had been built from at least in the 1860s
in the native parts of the town.
13. When was primary education law made in London? [1]
Ans.1870
14. When did Bombay become a capital of Bombay Presidency? [1]
Ans. Bombay become a capital of Bombay Presidency in 1819
15. Name the novel written by Duragacharan Ray about the city of Calcutta. [1]
Ans.. Debganer Martye Agaman
16. Name the two industrial cities of Britain.
Ans. Manchester and Leeds
17.What was the population of London in 1750s? [1]
Ans.675000
18. What was the expected life of poor workers in London in 1877 according to
Charles Booth’s Survey?[1]
Ans. 29 Years
19. According to the census of 1901, how much percent people of Bombay lived in one
room tenements?
Ans.. 80%
20.Name two films which deals with the problem of the migrants.
Ans. C.I.D. and Guest House
Section B
1. Describe the features of the big modern city of Calcutta as viewed by the gods in
the gods in the novel written by Durgacharan Roy?[3]
Ans.A. Durgacharan Roy wrote a novel, Debganer Martye Aagaman, in which Brahama,
Varun and some other gods visit Calcutta.
B. They were wonder struck by the big modern city, the train, the large ships on the
river Ganges, factories belching smoke, bridge and monuments and a dazzling array
of shops selling a wide range of commodities.
C. Gods were disturbed by another aspect of city life-its cheats and thieves, its
grinding poverty and the poor quality of housing for many.
2. What did historian Gareth Stedman Jones say about the city of London? [3]
Ans.A. London was a city of clerks and shopkeepers.
B. It was a city of small masters and skilled artisans.
C. It was a city of growing number of semi skilled and sweated out workers, of
soldiers and servants, of casual workers, street sellers and beggars.
3. Why was the development of the underground railway in London criticized? [3]
Ans.A. The compartments were filled with passengers who were smoking pipes.
B. The atmosphere was a mixture of sulphur, coal dust and foul fumes from the gas
lamp above.
C. There was a problem of suffocation due lack of oxygen supply. It was considered to
be a menace to health.
D. Many felt that the iron monster added to the mess and unhealthiness of the city.
4. Describe three main features of Charles Booth’s first social survey of low skilled
London workers.[3]
Ans.A. Charles Booth conducted the first social survey of low skilled London workers in
the east end of London. He found that about one million Londoners about one fifth
of the population of London at the time, were very poor.
B. These poor people were expected to live only up to an average age of 29 in
comparison to the average life expectancy of 55 among the gentry and the middle
class.
C. The people were more than likely to die in a workhouse, hospital or lunatic asylum.
5. “The London underground railway became a huge success.” Explain. [3]
Ans.A. The London underground railway partially solved the housing crises by carrying
large masses of people to and from the city.
B. By the 20th century, most large metropolises such as New York, Tokyo and Chicago
could not do without their well-functioning transit system. While the London
underground railway became huge success.
C. By 1880s, it was carrying 40 million passengers a year.
6. Explain any three steps taken to clean up London. [3]
Ans.A. Large blocks of apartments were built. It has been proved that housing schemes
brings a magical change in the urban area where land is very important. In this case
no one is permitted to build the personal apartment.
B. Rent control was introduced to check housing shortage.
C. Green belt was created around London. Demands were made for new Lungs for the
city, and some attempts were made to bridge the difference between city and
countryside through such ideas as the green belt around London.
6. What is meant by the term individualism? Explain. [3]
Ans.. A. Individualism is a theory which promotes the liberty, rights or independent action
of the individual, rather than of the community.
B. This is a freedom from the collective values that were a feature of the small rural
communities.
C. Ties between members of household loosened, and among the working class the
institution of marriage tended to break down.
7. Explain what is meant by the Haussmanisation of Paris. [3]
Ans. A. Haussmanisation of Paris refers to the forcible reconstruction of Paris to enhance
their beauty and impose orders.
B. Baron Haussmanisation was the chief architect of the new Paris of Louis Napoleon-
III.
C. The poor were evicted from the centre of Paris to reduce the possibility of political
rebellion and to beautify city.
8. Explain the problems faced by people who migrated to Bombay during nineteenth
century.[3]
Ans..A. Bombay become over crowded city because of rapid unplanned expansion.
B. There was an acute crisis of housing.
C. Due to overpopulation shortage of water also arose. People often quarreled every
morning for a turn at the tap.
9. Explain the term reclamation. [3]
Ans.A. Reclamation refers to the reclaiming of marshy or submerged areas or other
wasteland for settlement, cultivation and other use.
B. Because of the scarcity of land, the city of Bombay has developed is through
massive reclamation projects.
C. A successful reclamation project was undertaken by the Bombay Port Trust, which
built a dry dock.
D. Famous Marine Drive of Bombay was developed through reclamation process.
10. Highlight the different ways by which the people entertain themselves in the
chawls.[3]
Ans.A. There was an open space in the middle of for chawls. That place was used by
magicians and acrobats to perform their acts. They visit that place regularly.
B. The Nandi bull used to come. There was the Kadaklakshmi. The performers beat
themselves on their naked bodies to earn their livelihood.
C. Chawls were also a place for exchange of news about jobs, strikes, riots or
demonstrations.
11. How did the rise of industrial capitalism help in shaping the modern cities in
decisive way?
Ans.A. Industrialization changed the form of urbanization in the modern period.
B. Most of the western countries were largely rural even for many decades after the
beginning of the industrial revolution.
C. Due to industrialization cities become centers of political power, administrative
network, trade and industry, religious and education institutions, and supported
various social groups such as artisans, merchants and priests.
12. How did the establishment of colonial rule help in shaping the Bombay city in
decisive way?[3]
Ans.A. In the seventeenth century, Bombay was a group of seven islands under
Portuguese.
B. In 1661, control of the islands passes into British hands after the marriage of
Britain’s king Charles-II to the Portuguese princess. The East India Company
quickly shifted its base from Surat to Bombay.
C. Bombay became the capital of the Bombay presidency in 1819, after the Maratha
defeated in the Anglo-Maratha War.
13. How did the development or expansion of Bombay differ from London? [3]
Ans.A. London had an average density of 8 persons per house, whereas the density in the
Bombay was as high as 20.
B. Bombay was not grown in a planned way where as London grow according to plan.
C. Bombay was over-crowded city where a person had only 9.5 sq yards of space
whereas in London it was around 155 sq yards per person.
14. Bombay is a city of dreams. Explain. [3]
Ans.A. There was huge expansion of industries and infrastructure in Bombay.
B. The industries had numerous job opportunities and attracted many people from
outside.
C. People from all over India came here to fulfill their dreams.
D. Bombay also became a hub of Indian films.
15. Bombay is a city of hardships. Explain. [3]
Ans.A. Bombay city due to over population lacked in housing facilities.
B. Maximum people lived in chawls with minimum basic amenities.
C. It was a costly city, which made the life of daily wage earners very miserable.
D. People had to travel long distances to reach their job locations.
E. Industrial labourers were exploited by the industrialists.
16. Explain any three causes of air pollution in Calcutta. [3]
Ans.A. A high level of pollution was a consequence of the huge population that depended
on dung and wood as fuel in their daily life.
B. The main causes of pollution in Calcutta were the industries and establishment that
used steam engines run on coal.
C. The city was built on marshy land the resulting fog combined with smoke to
generate thick black smog.
17. Write any three historical processes which have shaped modern cities in decisive
ways.
Ans.A. The rise of industrial revolution.
B. The establishment of colonial rule over maximum areas of the globe.
C. The developments of the ideas of democracy were also responsible to give a shape
to the modern cities.
18 Highlight the conditions of children during the 18th and 19th century. [3]
Ans.A. Children were pushed into low-paid works by their parents.
B. Some children were forced by their parents to do some kind of crime to earn morelike
stealing.
C. It was only after the Compulsory Elementary education Act, in 1870 and Factory
Acts, in 1902 that children were kept out of industrial work.
19. What was the role of Jobber in Chawls? [3]
Ans.A. They provide jobs to the people.
B. Sometimes they settle disputes of the people.
C. They also organize supplies, or arranged informal credit for the people in chawls.
D. Jobbers also share information among the people.
20. Highlight the different types of crimes done by different people in London? [3]
Ans.A. In London there were about 20,000 criminals in the 1870s.
B. Many criminals were poor, who lived by stealing lead from roofs, food from shops,
lumps of coal and clothes drying on the hedger.
C. There were cheats and tricksters, pickpockets and petty thieves, crowding the
streets of London.
21. Explain the different steps taken by authorities to control crimes in London. [3]
Ans.A. The police were worried of criminals and also about the law and order situation.
B. The population of criminals was counted their activities were watched and their
life was investigated.
C. In an attempt to discipline the population, the authorities imposed high penalties
for crime.
D. They also offered work to those, who were considered the deserving poor.
22. Write some features that disturbed Gods during their visit to a modern city like
Calcutta.[3]
Ans.A. Gods were disturbed by the city’s cheat and thieves, its grinding poverty and the
poor quality of housing for many who lived in Juggies.
B. The Gods were perturbed at the confusion of caste, religion and gender identities.
C. Brahma Himself was tricked into buying a pair of cheap glasses and when he tried
to buy a pair of shoes, he was greatly confused by the shopkeepers, who accused
one another of being swindlers.
23. How did the various architects develop the concept of garden City of London?
Ans.A. Ebenezer Howard was an Architect and a planner.
B. He developed the principle of the garden city, a pleasant space full of plants and
trees, where people would both live and work.
C. Getting idea from Howard’s Raymond Unwin and Berry parker also designed the
garden city of New Earswick.
24. How was Marine Drive developed? [3]
Ans.A. A successful reclamation project was undertaken by the Bombay Port Trust.
B. It built a dick between 1914 and 1918.
C. It used the excavated earth to create the 22 acre balled Estate.
D. In this way the famous marine Drive of Bombay was developed.
25. How Bombay was depicted in the earliest filmy songs? Give two examples. [3]
Ans.A. Various songs related to the miseries and lives of the people of Bombay were sung
by the singers.
B. In the film CID (1956) hero’s buddy sings, “Ai dil hai mushkil jeena Yaha; Jara hatke
jara bachke, yeh hai Bombay meri jaan.
C. In film Guest House (1959) it was “Ziska juta usika sir, dil hai chhota bada shahar,
are vah teri Bombai”.
26. How did Britishers get control of Bombay? And how did British make use of it? [3]
Ans.A. In 1661 control of seven islands of Bombay were passed into British hands after
the marriage of Britain’s King Charles II to the Portuguese princes.
B. Bombay was a major outlet for cotton textiles from Gujarat. Later the city
functioned as a port through which large quantities of raw materials such as cotton
and opium would be exported.
C. Bombay became an important administrative center and tries by the end of the
nineteenth century a major industrial centre.
27. What do you understand by Individualism, Chartism and 10 hour movement? [3]
Ans.A. Individualism: It is a theory which promotes the liberty, rights or independent
action of the individual, rather than of the community.
B. Chartism: Chartism was a movement demanding the vote for all adult males.
C. 10-hour movement: This movement is related to limit the hours of work in
factories.
28. Name the industries which give employment to large number of workers in
London[3]
Ans.A. Metals and engineering.
B. Clothing and industries.
C. Wood and furniture.
D. Printing and stationary.
E. Surgical instruments.
29. Highlight the different ways by which the people entertain themselves in the
chawls.
Ans.A. There was an open space in the middle of for chawls. That place was used by
magicians and acrobats to perform their acts. They visit that place regularly.
B. The Nandi bull used to come. There was the Kadaklakshmi. The performers beat
themselves on their naked bodies to earn their livelihood.
C. Chawls were also a place for exchange of news about jobs, strikes, riots or
demonstrations.
Section C
1. Give some chief characteristics of the city and their Distinction from towns and
Villages.[5]
Ans.A. Cities like London and Bombay were larger on scale as compared to towns and
villages.
B. Cities could develop only when there was an increase in food supplies that could
support a wide range of non-food producers. Villages and towns required only food
supplies in small quantities.
C. Cities were often the centre of multifarious activates like trade and industry,
religious institutions, intellectual pursuits and administrative set-up while villages
and towns had restricted activities.
D. In cities a large number of social groups as merchants, traders, bankers, wholesale
traders and brokers, skilled artisans and various professionals lived while in the
villages and towns were predominated by farmers and petty artisans and
shopkeepers.
2. Give reasons why the population of London expanded from the middle of the
eighteenth century.
Ans.A. The population of London was about 6, 75,000 by 1750s. It multiplied fourfold
from one million in 1810 to four million in 1880s.
B. London had become a centre of almost all sections of society.
C. People from countryside came to London for better job and future.
D. Wooden, metal, printing, stationary like industries in London employed a large
number of people.
E. London dockyard also attracted a large number of employees.
F. During the First World War, many more things were begun to be manufactured in
London including motor cars, electrical goods, and large factories manufacturing
war materials.
3. Why well off Londoners supported the need of building houses for the poor in the
19th century?[5]
Ans. A. Living in slums was very dangerous for the labourers. They lived up to and average
age of 29 years as compared to the average life expectancy of 55 among the higher
the higher and the middle classes.
B. Such slums were not only harmful for the slum dwellers but they were also threat
to the public health and could easily lead to any epidemic.
C. Poor housing could prove a great fire-hazard and could engulf other areas in the
fire disaster.
D. Especially after the Russian revolution of 1917, it was felt that poor housing could
lead to any social disaster and could lead to rebellions by the poor slum dwellers.
4. What form of entertainment came up in nineteenth century England to provide
leisure activities for the people?
Ans.A. For the wealthy Londoners, there as the annual London Season where the elite
groups could enjoy several culture events such as the opera, classical musical
performances and the theatre etc.
B. Working classes too had their own means of entertainment. They used to meet in
pubs and enjoy a drink, exchange news and discuss political events.
C. In the 19th century, the established of libraries, museums and art galleries provided
entertainment to the common people.
D. To some other, music halls and later on cinema houses became a source of mass
entrainment.
E. To some others, especially the industrial workers, spending holidays by the seashore
and enjoying both the sun and the bracing winds also proved a great source
of entrainment and leisure.
5. Ties between members of households loosened in Britain in the era of
industrialization. Explain the statement.[5]
Ans.A. Ties between members of household loosened , and among the working class the
institution of marriage tended to break down
B. The function and the shape of the family were completely transformed by life in the
industrial city.
C. Among the working class, the institution of marriage tended to break down.
D. Women of the upper and middle classes in Britain faced increasingly higher levels
of isolation, although their lives were made easier by domestic maids who cooked,
cleaned and cared for young children on low wages.
E. The family became the heart of a new market, of goods and services, and of ideas.
6. State the characteristics of the ancient cities.
Ans.A. The cities first appeared along river valleys.
B. Towns and cities that first appeared along river valleys, such as Ur, Nippur and
Mohenjo-Daro, were large in scale than other human settlements.
C. Asian cities could develop only when an increase in food supplies made it possible
to support a wide range of non food products.
D. Cities were often the centers of political power, administrative network, trade and
industry, religious institution and intellectual activity.
E. These cities supported various social groups such artisans, merchants and priests.
7. Why did well-off Londoners support the need to built housing for the poor in the
19th century? Explain the reasons.[5]
Ans.A. The vast mass of room houses occupied by the poor was serious threat to public
health.
B. They were overcrowded, badly ventilated and lacked sanitation to the general
public.
C. In slums, there was always fear of fire hazards created by poor housing.
D. There was widespread fear of social disorder after the Russian Revolution in 1917.
E. Workers’ mass housing schemes were planned to prevent the London poor from
turning rebellion.
8. How did the condition of women workers change from 19th to 20th centuries in
London?
Ans.A. With technological development, women lost their industrial jobs and had to take
up work within household jobs.
B. The 1861 census recorded a quarter of a million domestic servants in London, of
whom the vast majority was women; many of them were recent migrants.
C. A large number of women use their homes to increase family income by taking in
lodgers or through such activities.
D. Women of London during 20th century took up tailoring, washing, matchbox
making, etc. However, there was a change once again in the 20th century.
E. As women got employment in war time industries and offices, they withdrew from
domestic service.
9. Why the population of London multiplied in the late 19th and 20th centuries? [5]
Ans.A. The population of London multiplied four fold in the 70 years between 1810 and
1880 increasing from one million to four million.
B. London was a powerful magnet for migrant population, even though it did not have
large factories.
C. 19th century London was a city of clerks and shopkeepers, of small traders and
skilled artisans, semi-skilled and sweated out workers, of soldiers and servants, of
casual workers, street sellers and beggars.
D. Apart from London dockyard five major types of industries employed large
numbers; clothing and footwear, wood and furniture, metals an engineering,
printing and stationary and precious product.
E. During First World War the numbers of large factories increased and a large
number of people joined the new created jobs.
10. Describe the steps taken to solve the problem of housing in Bombay.
Ans.A. Chawls were multi-storeyed structure which had been built in the native parts of
the town. These houses were largely owned by private landlords, such as
merchants, bankers and buildings.
B. The city of Bombay Improvement Trust was established in 1898. It focused on
clearing poorer homes out of the city centre.
C. In 1918, a Rent act was passed to keep rents reasonable. But it had the opposite
effect of producing a severe housing crisis, since landlords withdrew houses from
the market.
D. The city of Bombay developed massive reclamation projects. Reclamation refers to
the reclaiming of marshy or submerged area or other wasteland for settlements.
E. The seven island of Bombay were joined into one land mass only over a period of
time. The earliest project began in 1784.
Thanx a lot sir ...it really helped
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ReplyDeleteThis comment has been removed by the author.
ReplyDeleteplease check the spellings and correct them.....it gives a whole different meaning..
ReplyDeleteexcept this....the content helped me a lot
thank you...
Great post, and great website. Thanks for the information! יחסי ציבור תל אביב
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