The Rise of Nationalism In Europe Class 10 important Questions

CBSE CLASS-X Social Science
 Important Questions History Chapter-1 The Rise of Nationalism In Europe

1. How did the Journalist Wilhelm Wolff describe the revolt led by the Silesia weavers against contractors in 1845?
Ans. In 1845, weavers of Silesia had led a revolt against contractors who supplied them raw materials. They gave them order for finished textiles but drastically reduced their payments.
1. The workers were living in extreme poverty and misery.
2. The desperate need for has been taken advantage of by the contractors to reduce the prices of the goods they order.
3. On 4 June at 2 P.M. a large crowd of weavers emerged from their homes and marched in pairs up to the mansion of their contractor demanding higher wages.
4. They were treated with scorn and threats alternately.
5. A group of weavers entered in to a house of a contractor. They smashed the window
panes, furniture and porcelain. They entered the storehouse and tore to shreds the supplies of cloth.
6. The contractor fled away with his family to a neighboring village and came back after 24 hours with army.


2. “The use of Polish language came to be seen as a symbol of the struggle against Russian dominance”. Justify the statement.
Ans. Language played an important role in developing nationalist sentiments. After Russian occupation, the polish language was forced out of schools and the Russian language was imposed everywhere. In 1831, an armed rebellion against Russian rule took place which was ultimately crushed. Following this, many members of the clergy in Poland began to use language as a weapon of national resistance. Polish was used for church gatherings and all religious instructions. As a result, a large number of priests and bishops were put in jail or sent to Siberia by the Russian authorities as punishment for their refusal to preach in Russian. So we say that the use of Polish came to be seen as a symbol of the struggle against Russian dominance.

3. How would you categories the factors which promoted the building up of the dominance of English ethnic in British Isles?
Ans. Economic Prosperity: The Industrial revolution helped in the economic prosperity of the English nation. It succeeded in extending its influence over the other nations of the island with the help of trade and wealth.
1. English Parliament: The English parliament which had seized power from the monarchy in 1688 at the end of a protracted conflict was the instrument through which a nation state with England at its centre came to be forged.
2. The Act of Union 1707: According to this act the United Kingdom of Great Britain was formed and Scotland merged in to England. British parliament became stronger.
3. Majority of English members in the British Parliament: Due to the Act of 1707 United Kingdom was formed and the parliament dominated by the English members. This was a major factor to uplift the identity of British.
4. Setback to Scotland’s distinctive culture and identity: catholic clans that inhabited the Scottish Highlands suffered terrible repression whenever they attempted to assert their independence. The Scottish Highlanders were forbidden to speak their Gaelic Language

4. What ideas justify that the first half of nineteenth century were the years of Hunger, hardship and Revolts?
Ans. The 1830s were years of great economic hardship.
1. The first half of nineteenth century saw an enormous increase in population all over the Europe.
2. In most countries of the Europe there were more job seekers than employment.
3.Population from rural areas migrated to the cities to live in overcrowded slums. Small producers in town were often faced with stiff competition from imports of cheap machine made goods from England, where industrialization
4. This was especially so in textile production, which was carried out mainly in homes or small workshops and was only partly mechanized.
5. In those regions of Europe where the aristocracy still enjoyed power, peasants struggled under the burden of feudal dues and obligations.
6. The rise of food prices or a year of bad harvest led to widespread anger in towns and country.
7. In 1848 due to food shortage and unemployment the population of Paris started a revolution.

5. Which conditions were viewed as obstacles to economic exchange and growth by the new commercial classes during the 19th century Europe?
Ans. Following were the obstacles viewed by the new commercial classes, to the economic exchange and growth during the 19th century Europe
1. There was enormous increase in population all over Europe.
2. Population from rural areas migrated to the cities to live in overcrowded slums and could not afford to fulfill the basic needs.
3. Unemployment increased. In most countries, there were more job seekers than employment.
4. Cheap machine made goods from England were giving stiff competition to small producers of European Towns.
5. The price of food inflated many folds due to bad harvest. It led to a widespread pauperism in European towns.

6. How would you justify that the Act of union was a major setback to the Scottish Identity?
Ans. 1. The Act of Union (1707) between England and Scotland that resulted in the formation of the ‘united Kingdom of Great Britain’ meant in effect that England was able to impose its influence on Scotland.
2. The British Parliament was henceforth dominated by its English members.
3. The growth of a British identity meant that Scotland’s distinctive culture and political institutions were systematically suppressed.
4. Catholic clans that inhabited the Scottish Highlands suffered terrible repression whenever they attempted to assert their independence.
5. The Scottish Highlanders were forbidden to speak their Gaelic Language or wear their national dress, and large number were forcibly driven out their homelands.

7. Mention the obstacles in the way of the Italian Unification.
Ans. 1. Division of Italy into so many states: The division of Italy into many states and their mutual quarrels rendered Italy quite weak.
2. Foreign Rules: Foreign countries like France and Austria established their control over a large part of Italy. Napoleon the French emperor had conquered the whole of Italy. Thus the foreign rule was a big hurdle in the way of the Italian Unification.
3. Congress Of Vienna: After the downfall of Napoleon the congress of Vienna once again divided Italy into small states and thus played a great havoc with the task of Italian unification.
4. The Pope of Rome: The pope of Rome was keeping Rome and its adjoining territories under his dominance as such he was also proving a great hurdle in the way of the Italian unification.
5. Reactionary rulers: Reactionary rulers in most of the Italian states were also proving a great hurdle in the way of Italian Unification.

8. Explain the different factors which led to the rise of nationalism in Europe.
Ans. Following are the factors which led to the rise of Nationalism in Europe:
1. Decline of Feudalism: Feudal lords were a great tumbling bloc in the way of the rise of the nationalism feelings among the people. But their mutual warfare and crusades weakened them.
2. Weakness of Papacy and the Roman Empire: The renaissance and reformation movements led to awakening among the people and weakened the aythrority of the pope and the Holy Roman Empire. Consequently, national churches and national states were established in many countries.
3. Foreign Rule: in certain countries foreign rule also played an important part in the growth of nationalism.
4. Reaction against Injustice: Sometimes reaction against the arbitrary rule of unjust monarchs also gave birth to the feeling of nationalism.
5. Contribution of Great writers: The writings of great poets, politicians and philosophers like Machiavelli, J.S. Mill, Fitch, Mazzini, Garibaldi etc. went a long way in rousing political consciousness and national sprit among the people.

9. How did the Balkan issue become one of the major factors responsible for the First world War?
A. Balkans was a region of geographical and ethical variations comprising modern day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia, Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro whose inhabitants were known as slaves.
B. A large part of the Balkans was under the control of the Ottoman Empire. The spread of the ideas of romantic nationalism in the Balkan together with the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire made this region very explosive.
C. As the different Slavic nationalism struggled to define their identity and independence, the Balkan area became as area of intense conflict.
D. The Balkan states were jealous of each other and each hoped to gain more territory at the expense of other. Balkans also became as area of big power rivalry.
E. Each European power such as Russia, Germany, England, Austria-Hungry was keen on countering the hold of other powers over Balkans and this led to a series of wars eventually the First World War.

10 Describe the process of unification of Italy
Ans. during 1830s. G. Mazzini decided to make a programme to unite Italy and formed a society young Italy After earlier failures king victory Emmanuel II took to unify the Italian status through war and he got the whole hearted support of minister Cavour made a tactful alliancem with France and defeated Austrians forces in 1859. Now he was able to secure the support of Garibaldi. In 1860 Garibaldi led the famous expedition to south Italy and freed the states from Bourbon rulers in 1861 before the completion of unification victor Emanuel II was proclaimed the king of united Italy

11.Describe the process by which Germany was unified.
Ans- By 1848, the popular effort failed to succeed in installing constitutional monarch in Germany.Their after the task for unification of Germany was taken over by Prussia and its chief minister Otto von Bismarck who followed a policy of "blood and Iron" within a period of seven years three were fought with demark Austria and France. These states were defeated. In January 1871 the process of unification of Germany was completed. The Prussian kind William I was proclaimed German Emperor.

6. Why was the Napoleonic rule over other regions unpopular with some sections of Europe?
Ans. Due to following reasons the Napoleonic rule over other regions was unpopular with some sections of Europe:
1. The newly acquired territories had to face increased taxation and censorship.
2. The forced conscription into French army to conquer other parts of Europe was not popular with the newly conquered people.
3. Administrative reforms did not go hand with political freedom. The newly annexed regions found themselves under French rule.

7. Identify Cavour, telling the part played by him in the unification of Italy.
Ans. 1. The real credit for the unification of Italy goes to Cavour, who became the Prime Minister of Sardinia in 1852 A.D.
2. He then dedicated himself his body and soul together to achieve his goal independence and the unification of Italy. For this purpose he took recourse to diplomatic man oeuvres or shrewd diplomacy.
3. He took sides in many ways to attract other states like Lombardy, Modena, Parma and Tuscany to throw off the Austrian Yoke and join Sardinia.
4. He had unified the whole of Italy under Sardinia.

8. Explain the three features of the class of landed aristocracy of Europe.
Ans. 1. During the mid-eighteenth century, a landed aristocracy was dominant class in Europe both politically and socially.
2. The members of this landed aristocracy were united by a common ways of life that cut across regional division.
3. They owned huge properties both in rural and urban areas
4. Their families were tied together by matrimonial relations and they wielded much power in their respective countries.
9. Outline the features of Vienna Treaty.
Ans. 1. This treaty took Place in 1815 at Vienna, Austria.
2. In this treaty the representatives of European Powers-Russia, Britain, Prussia andAustria were met.
3. The meeting was hosted by the Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich.
4. The objective of Vienna Congress was to undoing most of the changes that had come about in the Europe during the Napoleonic War.

10. Identify king Victor Emmanuel, telling the part played by him in the unification of Italy.
Ans. 1. He was the king of Sardinia who helped all revolutionaries whose main aim was to achieve the unification of Independence of Italy.
2. It was Emmanuel who finally completed the task of unification, after Cavour had died, by annexing the Papal territories of Venetia and Rome.
3. In this way, the united Italy came into existence in the year 1871A.D.

11. Who was Marianne and Germania? What was the importance of the way in which they were portrayed?
Ans. 1. Marianne: In France nation was christened as Marianne, a popular Christian name which underlined the idea of a people nation. Statues of Marianne with red cap, the tricolor and the cockade, were erected at public squares to remind the public of the national symbol of unity. Marianne images were marked on coins and stamps as well.
2. Germania: In Germany Germania became the allegory of German nation. In visual representations, she is shown wearing a crown of oak leave, as the German oak stands for heroism

12. Identify Napoleon, telling the part played by him in the France.
Ans. 1. He was a great French general, who won many battles for the revolutionary France and raised his nation’s prestige.
2. In many parts of Europe like In the Dutch Republic in Switzerland, Italy and Germany, he simplified administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from the serfdom and the manorial dues.
3.There was a time when he had become a terror for all the European monarchs. But in the end, his limited resources collapsed in the face of fourth coalition of the European nations.
4. He was defeated in the battle of Waterloo in 1815 A.D. and was sent as a prisoner to spend his last days at the small island of St. Helena where he died in the year 1821 A.D.

13. How did nationalism and the idea of nation states emerge? Explain.
Ans. 1. The nationalism and the idea of nation states emerged among the culturally diverse and regional- social groups of European continent.
2. With the formation of European society, due to industrialization, the new middle class emerged. It comprised labour, working class population, industrialization, businessmen, professionals etc.
3. The educated and liberal population among the middle class thought to unite the culturally compatible sections of European society. Hence they thought of nationalism and this led to the emergence of the idea of nation states.

14. Which three issues were visualized by Frederic Sorrieu?
Ans. Frederic Sorrieu was a French artist prepared a series of four prints visualizing his dreams of a world.
1. The first print of the series shows the people of Europe and America of the ages and social classes marching in a long train. They are offering homage to the statue of liberty as they pass by it.
2. His second vision named Utopian vision, the people of the world are grouped as distinct nations, identify through their flags and national costume.
3. On the earth in the foreground of the image lie the shattered remains of the symbols of absolutist institutions. His work shows his dream on democratic and social republics.

15. Can you explain the factors responsible for economic hardships faced by European people during 1830s?
Ans. 1. The 1830s were the years of great economic hardship in Europe.
2. During the first half of the Nineteenth Century there was an immense increase in population all over the Europe. Due to which the supply of workers increased and the demand was very less. Problem of unemployment was faced by Europeans.
3. Small producers and manufacturers of towns face a stiff competition from imports of cheap machine made products.
4. In those regions of Europe where aristocracy still enjoyed powers, Peasants struggled under the Burdon of Feudal dues and obligations.

16. “Napoleon had destroyed democracy in France, but in the administrative field he had incorporated revolutionary principles.” Justify the statement with suitable arguments.
Ans. Following were the reforms brought by Napoleon in the administrative system: 1. The civil Code of 1804, usually known as the Napoleonic Code, did away with all privilege based on birth.
2. It established equality before law and secured the right to property.
3. Napoleon simplified administrative division, abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues.
4. In the towns too, guild restrictions were removed.
5. Transportation and communication system was improved.

17. Name the female allegory that represents France. Describe her main characteristics.
Ans. 1. Those of liberty and republic.
2. These were the red cap, the tricolor, the cocade.
3. Statues of Marianne were erected in public squares.
4. Her images were marked on coins and stamps of 1850s.

18. What were the impacts of Treaty of Vienna on European people?
Ans. Representatives of the European power, Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria signed treaty of Vienna in 1815. Following are its impact on European people:
1. Deposed Bourbon dynasty was restored to power. Future expansion of French was prevented.
2. Prussia was given important new territories on its Western frontier, while Austria was given control of the Northern Italy.
3. In the east Russia was given part of Poland while Prussia was given a portion of Saxony.
4. The treaty slowed down the growth of nationalism. There was an effort to restore Monarchies that had been overthrown by Napoleon and to create a new conservative order in Europe.

19. How Europe was closely allied to the ideology of Liberalism?
Ans. The efforts of the complaint against the seller. In Europe the educated, liberal middle class spearheaded the nationalist movement. They stood for the freedom of individual and equality of all before the low. Following were the political, social and economic ideas supported by the liberals.
1. Political ideas-The ideology of liberalism supported the ideas of national unity and abolition of aristocratic privileges. It also advocated for a constitutional and representative government through parliament. It did not stand for the idea of universal suffrage.
2. Social ideas- They supported freedom for the individual and idea of equality of all before the law.
3. Economic ideas- There was freedom of market and abolition of state imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital. Zollverein abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies. Introduction of a system of weights and measures also strengthen the ideology of liberalism.

20. Justify the statement with suitable example that, “nationalism, aligned with imperialism, led Europe to disaster in 1914.”
Ans. 1. By the last quarter of the nineteenth century, nationalism no longer retained its idealistic liberal democratic sentiment of the first half of the century but became a narrow creed with limited ends.
2. Nationalism aligned with imperialism led Europe to disaster in 1914. But, many countries in the world which were colonised were in a very bad shape.
3. During the period an intense rivalry among the European powers emerged over trade and colonies as well as naval and military might. This led to a series of wars in the region and final the First World War.

21. Who was Bismarck? How did he unify Germany as a nation state?
Ans. Bismarck was the Prime Minister of the Prussian king Kaiser William-I. He was the architect of German Unification.
1. He made Prussia to take over the leadership of the movement of national unification. He followed the policy of Blood and Iron. 2. The land owners in Prussia were in support of the movement. He materialized this nationalist sentiment.
3. He sought the help of the Prussian army and made many secret alliances to fight wars.
4. Finally he defeated Austria, Denmark and France and German Unification was declared with King William-I as the head of the state.

22. Who was the main architect of the nation-state in England? Describe their contribution.
Ans. British parliament was the main architect of the nation state in England because it seized power from monarchy in 1707.
1. The parliament through the Act of Union 1707 formed the United Kingdom of Great Britain.
2. This act enables England to impose its influence on Scotland.
3. Ireland was deeply divided between Catholic and Protestants. The English helped Protestants to establish their dominance over largely Catholic Country.
4. After a failed revolt led by wolf Tone and his united Irishmen, Ireland was forcibly incorporated into United Kingdom in 1801.

5. A new British nation was forged through the propagation of a dominant English culture.

23. Give a brief description of the revolt led by the Silesian Weavers in 1845?
Ans. 1. In 1845 the Silesian weavers revolted against contractor who supplied them raw material for finishing textile but drastically reduced their payments.
2. Dissatisfied and resented weavers emerged from their homes on 4th June and marched in pairs up to the mansion of their contractor demanding higher wages.
3. The contractor fled with his families to a neighboring village which ultimately refused shelter to such a person.

24. Explain any three beliefs of the conservatism that emerged after 1815.
Ans. After the defeat of Napoleon in 1815 European government were driven by a spirit of conservatism. Conservatives believed that:
1. Established traditional institution of state and society like monarchy, church, social hierarchy, property and family should be preserved.
2. Most conservatives believed that they should not return to the society of pre-revolutionary days.
3. They believed that modernization could in fact strengthen traditional institutions like monarchy. It could make the state power more effective and strong.

25. Explain any three ways in which nationalist feelings were kept alive in Poland in the 18th and 19th century.
Ans. 1. They used music to keep their unity and identity. Karol Kurpiniski kept up the national struggle by staging his polish operas and music.
2. The Polish people used dances like polonaise and mazurka making them into nationalist symbols. 3. The use of Polish came to be seen as a symbol of struggle against Russian dominance. In 1831, there was a Polish armed rebellion against Russian rule but the rebellion was crushed.

26. What were the main symbols of independent nations?
Ans. The main symbols of an independent nation are:
1. The national Flag
2. The national Anthem
3. The national language
4. The national Seal
Every country is identified through these symbols which are distinct from others.

27. How did Romanticism seek to develop a particular form of nationalist sentiments during 18th century?
Ans. A Romanticism refers to a cultural movement which sought to develop a particular form of national sentiments.
B Romanticism artists and poets generally criticized the glorification of reason and science and focused on emotions, institutions and mystical feeling.
C Their efforts was to create a sense of shared collective heritage, a common culture of past, as the basis of nation.
D Some German Romantics believed that through folk songs, the true sprit of the nation can be popularized. German culture was to be discovered among common people.

28. How did the growth of industrialization change the social and political equation of Europe?
Ans. Industrialization in its wake brought considerable change in socio-political sphere. Western and central parts of Europe witnessed rapid growth of industrialization leading to the growth of towns and cities and a strong commercial class whose existence was based on production for the market.
1. This industrialization also resulted in the emergence of working class population and a new middle class comprising industrialist, businessmen and professionals.
2. It was among these educated, liberal, middle classes that the ideas of national unity and abolition of aristocratic privileges gained popularity. All these changes had great impact on the society and political life of the people.

Who was Giuseppe Garibaldi? What was his contribution in the freedom Movement of Italy?
Ans. 1. Giuseppe Garibaldi: Giuseppe Garibaldi is the most celebrated Italian freedomFighter. He came from a family engaged in Coastal trade and was a sailor in the merchant navy.
2. Contribution: In 1833 he met Mazzini and joined the young Italy movement and participated in a republican uprising in Piedmont in 1834. The uprising was suppressed. Giuseppe Garibaldi had to flee to South America, where he lived in exile till 1848. In 1854, he supported Victor Emmanuel-II in his efforts to unify the Italian States. Giuseppe Garibaldi led the famous expedition of the thousand to South Italy. In 1867, Garibaldi led an army of volunteers to Rome to fight the last obstacle to the unification of Italy